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Related Concept Videos

Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
Neuronal pools are collections of nerve cells with similar functions and interact through chemical and electrical signals. These pools include both interneurons (the central neural circuit nodes that...
Cascaded Op Amps01:16

Cascaded Op Amps

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile electronic components that can be interconnected in a cascade - one after another in a linear sequence. This cascading is possible due to their infinite input resistance and zero output resistance, allowing them to maintain their input-output relationships even when connected in series.
In a cascaded system, each op-amp is referred to as a stage. The output of one stage drives the input of the subsequent stage. As the input signal passes through...
Gain01:15

Gain

Gain and phase shift are properties of linear circuits that describe the effect a circuit has on a sinusoidal input voltage or current. The circuit's behavior that contains reactive elements will depend on the frequency of the input sinusoid. As a result, it is observed that the gain and phase shift will all be frequency functions.
Gain:
Suppose Vin is the input and Vout is the output signal to a circuit.
Propagation of Action Potentials01:23

Propagation of Action Potentials

The propagation of an action potential refers to the process by which a nerve impulse, or "action potential," travels along a neuron.
Neurons (nerve cells) have a resting membrane potential, with a slightly negative charge inside compared to outside. This is maintained by ion channels, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels, which control the flow of ions. When a stimulus, like a touch or a signal from another neuron, triggers the neuron, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to...
Second-Order Circuits01:17

Second-Order Circuits

Integrating two fundamental energy storage elements in electrical circuits results in second-order circuits, encompassing RLC circuits and circuits with dual capacitors or inductors (RC and RL circuits). Second-order circuits are identified by second-order differential equations that link input and output signals.
Input signals typically originate from voltage or current sources, with the output often representing voltage across the capacitor and/or current through the inductor. For example, in...
The Y-to-Delta Circuit01:19

The Y-to-Delta Circuit

A balanced wye-to-delta circuit comprises balanced Y-connected voltage sources and delta-connected loads with no neutral line connection.
The initial step in analyzing a wye-to-delta circuit is to assume a positive phase sequence. These phase voltages are then utilized to calculate the line voltages that occur directly across the delta-connected load impedances. Van, Vbn, and Vcn are the phase voltages in wye, and Vab, Vbc, and Vca are the line voltages for a delta circuit. The relation between...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo
10:19

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Published on: March 31, 2016

Cortical circuits: layer 6 is a gain changer.

Mateo Vélez-Fort1, Troy W Margrie

  • 1The National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London, UK.

Current Biology : CB
|May 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Stimulating deep layer six excitatory neurons in the mouse visual cortex inhibits upper layers. This ascending cortical drive modulates sensory responses, impacting visual processing.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Cortex Research
  • Cortical Circuitry

Background:

  • The visual cortex processes sensory information through complex neural circuits.
  • Layer six neurons play a role in corticocortical communication.
  • Understanding intra-cortical pathways is crucial for deciphering sensory processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional impact of stimulating excitatory neurons in layer six of the mouse visual cortex.
  • To determine the effect of this stimulation on neuronal activity in upper cortical layers.
  • To elucidate the role of ascending intra-cortical drive in modulating sensory responses.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings in mouse visual cortex.
  • Targeted stimulation of excitatory neurons in layer six.

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Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording

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Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings
10:24

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

Published on: January 10, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo
10:19

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Published on: March 31, 2016

Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording
13:40

Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording

Published on: September 8, 2011

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings
10:24

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

Published on: January 10, 2015

  • Analysis of spiking activity in upper cortical layers.

    • Main Results:

    • Stimulation of layer six excitatory neurons led to a net inhibition of spiking in upper cortical layers.
    • This ascending intra-cortical pathway was identified as a key mechanism for gain modulation.
    • Sensory-evoked responses were significantly modulated by this inhibitory drive.

    Conclusions:

    • Layer six excitatory neurons exert a powerful inhibitory influence on upper cortical layers.
    • Ascending intra-cortical projections from layer six are critical for regulating sensory information flow.
    • This circuit provides a mechanism for gain control in the visual cortex, refining sensory processing.