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Related Concept Videos

Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
07:35

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

Spicy seizure.

Sadip Pant1, Abhishek Deshmukh, Bhagirath Dholaria

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. spant@uams.edu

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
|May 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Serious toxicity from synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 is rare but can occur. This case highlights severe adverse effects following intentional inhalation of this potent designer drug.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

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07:35

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06:58

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Published on: June 25, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Pharmacology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Synthetic cannabinoids are widely misused illicit drugs.
  • Reports of severe toxicity are uncommon despite widespread use.

Observation:

  • A case of severe toxicity following intentional inhalation of JWH-018 is presented.
  • JWH-018 is a potent synthetic cannabinoid.

Findings:

  • The patient experienced severe adverse effects attributed to JWH-018 inhalation.
  • This case underscores the potential for serious harm from synthetic cannabinoid use.

Implications:

  • Clinicians should be aware of potential severe toxicity from synthetic cannabinoids like JWH-018.
  • Further research is needed to understand the full spectrum of adverse effects and risks associated with synthetic cannabinoid use.