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Plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism’s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.

Plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata

In a multicellular organism, cells must communicate to work together in a coordinated manner. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
Intercellular junctions are a feature of fungal, plant, and animal cells. However, different types of junctions are found in different kinds of cells. Intercellular junctions found in animal cells include tight junctions, gap junctions, and...

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...

The Phragmoplast

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...

The Phragmoplast

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...

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Analysis of Protein Import into Chloroplasts Isolated from Stressed Plants

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The Plastid Outer Envelope - A Highly Dynamic Interface between Plastid and Cytoplasm.

Frederique K H Breuers¹, Andrea Bräutigam, Andreas P M Weber

¹Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany.

Frontiers in Plant Science

|May 26, 2012

Summary

The outer envelope (OE) of plastids, previously thought to be a simple sieve, is metabolically active and crucial for protein import and stress responses. Recent proteomic studies are revealing its complex protein composition.

Keywords:

endoplasmic reticulum plastid associated membranes plastid outer envelope stromules

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Area of Science:

Plant Cell Biology
Organelle Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Plastids are vital organelles in photosynthetic eukaryotes, hosting essential metabolic pathways beyond photosynthesis.
The plastid envelope comprises inner (IE) and outer (OE) membranes, with the OE traditionally viewed as a non-specific barrier.
Emerging evidence suggests the OE possesses specific functions in transport, protein import, and stress responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the protein composition of the plastid outer envelope (OE).
To update the understanding of the OE's role beyond a simple molecular sieve.
To present a comprehensive 'parts list' of OE proteins based on recent proteomic data.

Main Methods:

Proteomic analysis of plastids isolated from various plant sources.
Bioinformatic analysis of protein localization and function.
Literature review of recent findings on OE functions.

Main Results:

The OE is a metabolically active compartment involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism.
The OE contains the TOC complex essential for importing nuclear-encoded proteins into plastids.
The OE plays a role in plant defense and stress tolerance (e.g., cold, freezing, phosphate deprivation).
Dynamic interactions between the OE and endomembrane system are implicated in lipid and protein trafficking.

Conclusions:

The plastid OE is a complex and dynamic membrane with multifaceted roles in metabolism, transport, and stress signaling.
Ongoing proteomic and bioinformatic efforts are crucial for a complete understanding of OE protein inventory.
This research contributes to a more accurate 'parts list' of the plastid OE, advancing organelle biology.