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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
Case Studies01:22

Case Studies

There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.
The Scientific Method in Nursing Process01:18

The Scientific Method in Nursing Process

The scientific method provides the foundation for any research. It is the most reliable and objective of all forms of gaining knowledge and guides in applying research-based evidence in practice and conducting future research.
When using research findings to change practice, one must understand the process used to guide a study. The scientific method is a systematic, step-by-step process that supports the data's validity, reliability, and generalizability. As a result, findings can be safely...
Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...
Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

A Methodological Protocol and Considerations for Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation in Exploratory Clinical Human Studies
09:47

A Methodological Protocol and Considerations for Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation in Exploratory Clinical Human Studies

Published on: December 12, 2025

Methodologically rigorous clinical research.

Lynda J-S Yang1, Kate W-C Chang, Kevin C Chung

  • 1Ann Arbor, Mich. From the Department of Neurosurgery, and the Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|May 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study provides guidelines for rigorous observational study designs in surgical research. Adhering to these methods ensures high-quality clinical evidence for informed decision-making.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

A Methodological Protocol and Considerations for Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation in Exploratory Clinical Human Studies
09:47

A Methodological Protocol and Considerations for Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation in Exploratory Clinical Human Studies

Published on: December 12, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Research Methodology
  • Surgical Research Quality

Background:

  • Rigorous methodology enhances clinical research quality by minimizing bias.
  • Randomized controlled trials are often unsuitable for surgical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present guidelines for rigor in commonly used observational study designs in surgery.
  • To address biases and confounders in clinical study methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of observational study designs: cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, case series/reports.
  • Analysis of biases and confounders relevant to study design.

Main Results:

  • Summary of biases and confounders at each study stage.
  • Presentation of study characteristics, rigor checklists, and literature examples for each design.

Conclusions:

  • Mastery of methodologic rigor is essential for surgeons in evidence-based medicine.
  • Knowledge and adherence to study design principles yield high-quality evidence for clinical decisions.