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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Types Of Superconductors01:28

Types Of Superconductors

A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains
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Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Published on: July 20, 2022

Giant magnetocaloric effect driven by structural transitions.

Jian Liu1, Tino Gottschall, Konstantin P Skokov

  • 1IFW Dresden, Institute for Metallic Materials, PO Box 270116, D-01171 Dresden, Germany. j.liu@ifw-dresden.de

Nature Materials
|May 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heusler-type Ni–Mn–In–(Co) magnetic shape-memory alloys offer a novel magnetic cooling solution. These materials achieve significant adiabatic temperature changes, driven by structural transitions, paving the way for efficient, eco-friendly refrigeration.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Conventional vapor compression refrigeration faces environmental and efficiency challenges.
  • Magnetic cooling presents a promising alternative energy solution, requiring exploitation of material properties like magnetism and crystal structure.
  • Heusler-type alloys are candidates for magnetic cooling due to their tunable magnetostructural properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the magnetic cooling potential of Heusler-type Ni–Mn–In–(Co) alloys.
  • To determine the adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) achievable in these materials.
  • To develop a model explaining the cooling effect and identify key parameters for optimization.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental synthesis and characterization of Heusler-type Ni–Mn–In–(Co) alloys.
  • Measurement of adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) under an applied magnetic field (2 T).
  • Development of a phenomenological model to correlate material properties with cooling performance.

Main Results:

  • Achieved adiabatic temperature changes (ΔTad) ranging from -3.6 K to -6.2 K under a 2 T magnetic field.
  • Identified the magnetostructural transition as the dominant factor for the observed cooling effect.
  • Established a phenomenological model detailing essential parameters for large ΔTad.

Conclusions:

  • Heusler-type Ni–Mn–In–(Co) alloys demonstrate significant potential for magnetic cooling applications.
  • The study provides a model to guide the design of advanced magnetic refrigerants.
  • Strategies for overcoming application limitations like hysteresis and narrow operating windows were proposed, including multi-stimuli response and alloy stacking.