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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Bipolar Disorder01:30

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Comorbidity in perimenstrual migraine.

Marianna Nicodemo1, Sabina Cevoli, Giulia Giannini

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, University of Bologna, Via Ugo Foscolo 7, 40123 Bologna, Italy. mariannanicodemo@hotmail.it

Current Pain and Headache Reports
|May 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Comorbidity, the simultaneous occurrence of multiple diseases, is frequently studied in relation to migraine. This review focuses on comorbidities associated with migraine without aura in women, especially perimenstrual migraine.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Published on: June 2, 2014

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05:40

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Published on: July 29, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epidemiology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Comorbidity refers to the presence of two or more diseases more often than expected by chance.
  • Migraine is a common neurological disorder, more prevalent in women.
  • Perimenstrual migraine, a specific subtype, affects women during menstruation, yet its comorbidities are understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on migraine comorbidities.
  • To specifically examine comorbidities associated with migraine without aura in women.
  • To highlight the limited research on perimenstrual migraine comorbidities.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of studies on migraine comorbidities.
  • Focus on studies investigating migraine without aura in female populations.
  • Analysis of reported associations, including those for perimenstrual migraine.

Main Results:

  • Numerous studies have explored migraine comorbidities, with varying and sometimes conflicting findings.
  • Migraine is more prevalent in women, but specific comorbidities in women, particularly perimenstrual migraine, are less investigated.
  • The review identifies a gap in research concerning the co-occurrence of other conditions with perimenstrual migraine.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding migraine comorbidities is crucial for comprehensive patient care.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the specific comorbidities of migraine without aura in women.
  • Special attention should be given to the under-researched area of perimenstrual migraine comorbidities.