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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing (ChIP-seq)
09:52

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing (ChIP-seq)

Published on: April 19, 2013

Chromatin modifications associated with diabetes.

Samuel T Keating1, Assam El-Osta

  • 1Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research
|May 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Poor glycemic control in diabetes accelerates vascular complications. Early high blood sugar can trigger later issues, linked to chromatin modifications like histone changes involving the Set7 enzyme.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is linked to accelerated vascular complications.
  • Hyperglycemia and poor glycemic control are key contributors to diabetic complications.
  • Early hyperglycemia exposure can initiate long-term complications, even with improved glycemic control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the role of chromatin modification in hyperglycemia-induced diabetic complications.
  • Understand the function of histone-modifying enzymes in diabetes and metabolic memory.
  • Explore the specific contribution of the Set7 methyltransferase to diabetic complications.

Main Methods:

  • Examined gene-activating hyperglycemic events and chromatin modifications.
  • Focused on chemical changes to histone H3 amino-terminal tails.
  • Investigated the lysine-specific Set7 methyltransferase in hyperglycemic models and human diabetes.

Main Results:

  • Identified chromatin modification as a common factor in hyperglycemia-related gene activation.
  • Highlighted chemical changes on histone H3 tails.
  • Characterized the Set7 methyltransferase's role, suggesting its involvement in diabetic complications through histone and non-histone substrates.

Conclusions:

  • Set7 methyltransferase is a key enzyme in the etiology of diabetic complications.
  • Set7's function extends beyond histone modification, impacting other transcriptional events.
  • Understanding Set7's role may offer new therapeutic targets for diabetic vascular complications.