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Updated: May 22, 2026

Hand-Rearing Method for Infant Marmosets
Published on: June 9, 2023
Toucan hand feeding and nestling growth
Judy St Leger1, Martin Vince, Jerry Jennings
1SeaWorld San Diego, 500 SeaWorld Drive, San Diego, CA 92109, USA. Judy.St.leger@seaworld.com
Abstract:
A retrospective analysis of hand-feeding records and growth data from 3 facilities was performed to determine the growth pattern for 8 toucan species raised in captivity. General philosophies of breeding and rearing were similar but approaches to hand-feeding varied. General hand-feeding and chick management records from hatch to fledging were reviewed for 2 of the 3 facilities. Effective hand-feeding formulas were commercially available and minimally modified. Growth curves were developed. Curves approximated typical expected patterns of nestling growth with no loss of weight at fledging. This study provides a basis for hand-feeding protocols and growth curves to assess development.
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