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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...

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Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
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Published on: June 2, 2022

[Autoimmune synaptic encephalitis].

Signe Modvig1, Christina Engel Høi-Hansen, Peter Uldall

  • 1Neurologisk Afdeling, Glostrup Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 57, Glostrup. signemodvig@gmail.com

Ugeskrift for Laeger
|May 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune synaptic encephalitis (ASE) requires prompt diagnosis for effective treatment. This report details two cases, highlighting the varied presentations and neurological impacts of this rare condition.

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Autoimmune synaptic encephalitis (ASE) is an emerging neurological disorder.
  • Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving patient prognosis.
  • ASE involves the immune system attacking synaptic proteins in the brain.

Observation:

  • Two Danish cases of ASE are presented: a 15-year-old boy and a 59-year-old woman.
  • The boy experienced a severe N-methyl-D-aspartate-encephalitis with lasting cognitive deficits.
  • The woman had leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1-encephalitis, presenting with dyskinesia, epilepsy, psychiatric symptoms, and vocal tics.

Findings:

  • The case reports illustrate the diverse clinical manifestations of ASE.
  • N-methyl-D-aspartate-encephalitis and leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1-encephalitis are distinct but related autoimmune conditions.
  • Coeliac disease was noted in the patient with leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1-encephalitis.

Implications:

  • These cases underscore the importance of recognizing ASE's varied presentations.
  • Timely diagnosis can lead to earlier intervention and potentially better outcomes.
  • Further research into ASE pathogenesis and treatment strategies is warranted.