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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells
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Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

Published on: October 22, 2010

T-cell receptor diversity prevents T-cell lymphoma development.

S Newrzela1, N Al-Ghaili, T Heinrich

  • 1Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Leukemia
|May 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Mature T-cell lymphomas (MTCLs) are rare, suggesting inherent control mechanisms. This study reveals that T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells expressing oncogenes can form MTCLs, but normal T cells suppress this growth through homeostatic competition.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells
10:14

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

Published on: October 22, 2010

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Generating De Novo Antigen-specific Human T Cell Receptors by Retroviral Transduction of Centric Hemichain
08:48

Generating De Novo Antigen-specific Human T Cell Receptors by Retroviral Transduction of Centric Hemichain

Published on: October 25, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mature T-cell lymphomas (MTCLs) have a poor prognosis and are less common than immature T-cell leukemias, indicating effective control of mature T-cell malignancies.
  • Previous research showed mature T cells resist transformation by known T-cell oncogenes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms controlling the outgrowth of mature T-cell lymphomas.
  • To determine if T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells expressing oncogenes can develop MTCLs and if normal T cells can suppress this process.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized TCR transgenic mice (OT-I, P14) expressing NPM/ALK or ΔTrkA oncogenes.
  • Transplanted oncogene-expressing T cells into T-cell-deficient recipients.
  • Analyzed cell surface markers to rule out T-cell precursor origin.
  • Cotransplanted normal polyclonal T cells with oncogene-expressing T cells.

Main Results:

  • TCR transgenic T cells expressing oncogenes readily developed MTCLs in T-cell-deficient recipients.
  • Cotransplanted normal T cells suppressed the malignant outgrowth of oncogene-expressing T cells.
  • Immune responses or regulatory T cells (Tregs) were unlikely to be the primary suppressive mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Homeostatic mechanisms, such as clonal competition, that maintain T-cell repertoire diversity also control the outgrowth of potentially malignant T-cell clones.
  • This study identifies a novel innate mechanism for lymphoma control.