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Related Concept Videos

Morphogenesis02:19

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
Meristems and Plant Growth02:36

Meristems and Plant Growth

Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.
The Apoplast and Symplast01:46

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...
The Phragmoplast01:59

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...
Plant Hormones01:56

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.
Plant Hormones01:56

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

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Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize
09:23

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Published on: January 14, 2016

Plant development, auxin, and the subsystem incompleteness theorem.

Karl J Niklas1, Ulrich Kutschera

  • 1Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|May 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Plant morphogenesis relies on interconnected subsystems, visualized as logic circuits. Understanding these complex processes requires a whole-organism view, as no single subsystem is self-sufficient.

Keywords:
IAAauxingene networksplant evolutiontranscription factors

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Plant morphogenesis involves intricate signal cross-talking across organizational levels.
  • Metabolic and genomic subsystems operate within a larger network to coordinate development.
  • Complex biological phenomena can be simplified by representing subsystems as logic circuits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel approach for simplifying and visualizing plant morphogenesis.
  • To illustrate the application of logic circuits in understanding signal-activated subsystems.
  • To highlight the interconnectedness of biological systems in plant development.

Main Methods:

  • Rendering logic circuits and signal-activated subsystems for specific plant processes.
  • Focusing on auxin (IAA) transport and IAA-mediated cell wall loosening as examples.
  • Utilizing diagrams to identify missing components within circuits and subsystems.

Main Results:

  • Two specific logic circuits and subsystems (auxin transport, cell wall loosening) were diagrammed.
  • The diagrams revealed essential missing components requiring experimental identification.
  • The study illustrates the "subsystem incompleteness theorem."

Conclusions:

  • No biological subsystem is operationally self-sufficient; a whole-organism perspective is crucial.
  • Understanding even simple morphogenetic processes necessitates considering the entire plant system.
  • Isolated subsystems are morphogenetically ineffective, emphasizing systemic integration.