Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs): science and f(r)iction

Area of Science:

• Regenerative Medicine
• Cell Therapy
• Stem Cell Biology

Background:

• Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) possess multi-lineage differentiation capacity, support hematopoiesis, modulate immunity, and secrete pro-regenerative factors.
• Extensive preclinical research highlights MSCs' therapeutic potential, yet clinical translation is hindered by cell source heterogeneity and variable isolation/cultivation protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent scientific evidence on the clinically relevant properties of MSCs.
• To evaluate the speculative cardiomyogenic and hepatic differentiation potential of MSCs.
• To emphasize the critical need for standardization and harmonization in clinical-scale MSC manufacturing.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on MSC properties.
• Analysis of recent findings regarding MSC differentiation capabilities.
• Discussion on the impact of standardization on MSC clinical applications.

Main Results:

• MSCs exhibit significant immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative functions with broad therapeutic potential.
• Evidence for cardiomyogenic and hepatic differentiation remains largely speculative and requires further investigation.
• Heterogeneity in MSCs and protocols necessitates standardized approaches for clinical use.

Conclusions:

• Standardization and harmonization of MSC isolation, characterization, and manufacturing are essential for ensuring safety and efficacy in clinical settings.
• Further research is needed to validate MSC differentiation potential for specific therapeutic applications.
• Addressing manufacturing challenges is key to unlocking the full clinical potential of MSC-based therapies.