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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks
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Published on: May 13, 2016

Transcriptome changes after genome-wide admixture in invasive sculpins (Cottus).

Till Czypionka1, Jie Cheng, Alexander Pozhitkov

  • 1Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemannstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany.

Molecular Ecology
|June 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hybrid speciation in invasive sculpins shows unique gene expression patterns. While initially intermediate, the hybrid lineage evolved to reduce gene expression variance, optimizing fitness for new environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Speciation

Background:

  • Hybrid speciation models propose increased phenotypic variance aids adaptation.
  • Investigating gene expression in natural hybrid lineages is crucial for understanding evolutionary trajectories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if hybridization generates exploitable phenotypic variance using gene expression data.
  • To explore evolutionary trajectories of hybrid lineages from initial stages.

Main Methods:

  • Gene expression analysis using oligonucleotide microarrays.
  • Sequencing of expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries.
  • Comparative analysis of parental species (Cottus perifretum, Cottus rhenanus), invasive sculpins, and F(2) crosses.

Main Results:

  • Gene expression divergence correlates with genetic divergence.
  • Invasive sculpins show intermediate gene expression but possess unique patterns enriched for fitness-related functions.
  • Gene expression variance decreases in invasive sculpins compared to F(2) crosses.

Conclusions:

  • Hybrid lineages exhibit unique transcriptomic profiles beyond simple admixture.
  • Secondary evolutionary changes likely optimize the invasive hybrid transcriptome post-admixture.
  • Evolutionary processes reduce maladaptive variance to optimize hybrid phenotypes.