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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

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Updated: May 21, 2026

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
09:49

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Published on: January 20, 2023

Impact of head trauma on pituitary function.

Gabriel Obiols Alfonso1

  • 1Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España. gobiols@vhebron.net

Endocrinologia Y Nutricion : Organo De La Sociedad Espanola De Endocrinologia Y Nutricion
|June 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Head trauma can cause hypopituitarism, a condition affecting pituitary function. Early identification is crucial for patient rehabilitation, though current diagnostic methods yield inconsistent results.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Traumatic Brain Injury Research

Background:

  • Growing evidence links head trauma to hypopituitarism.
  • Hypopituitarism can complicate patient rehabilitation.
  • Accurate patient identification is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of head trauma on pituitary function.
  • To discuss diagnostic methods for hypopituitarism post-trauma.
  • To explore risk factors and treatment options.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on head trauma and hypopituitarism.
  • Analysis of diagnostic approaches and their inconsistencies.
  • Examination of risk factors and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Inconsistent results reported due to varied diagnostic methods.
  • Potential overestimation of hypopituitarism incidence.
  • Head trauma significantly impacts pituitary gland function.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized diagnostic criteria are needed for accurate hypopituitarism assessment after head injury.
  • Further research should clarify incidence rates and optimize treatment strategies.