Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification01:29

Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification

Spasmolytic agents are drugs used to alleviate muscle spasms and spasticity. They can be categorized into different chemical groups based on their mechanisms of action. Centrally acting spasmolytics primarily affect the spinal cord, while others directly target skeletal muscle cells.
A major class of centrally acting spasmolytics is the α2-agonist, such as tizanidine. These drugs bind to α2-adrenoceptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They also promote...
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:17

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers induce paralysis by competitively blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the muscle end plate. Examples include pancuronium, mivacurium, vecuronium, and rocuronium. These quaternary ammonium derivatives are administered intravenously, are poorly absorbed, and are excreted via the kidneys.
Competitive antagonists prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptor, inhibiting membrane depolarization. Without conformational changes or intrinsic...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Eczematous reactions in patients with plaque psoriasis receiving biological therapy: an observational study.

European review for medical and pharmacological sciences·2024
Same author

Efficacy and Safety of bimekizumab in elderly patients: real-world multicenter retrospective study - IL PSO (Italian Landscape Psoriasis).

The Journal of dermatological treatment·2024
Same author

Long-term effectiveness and tolerability of apremilast in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: A 5-year multicentre retrospective study-IL PSO (Italian landscape psoriasis).

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV·2024
Same author

PsoBioVax: A multicentric Italian case-control study of the immunological response to anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine among psoriatic patients under biological therapy.

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV·2023
Same author

A risankizumab super responder profile identified by long-term real-life observation-IL PSO (ITALIAN LANDSCAPE PSORIASIS).

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV·2023
Same author

Real-life experience with ixekizumab in plaque psoriasis: a multi-center, retrospective, 3-year study.

Expert opinion on biological therapy·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

Botulinum toxin type A in cervical dystonia.

R Marvulli1, G Ianieri, G Megna

  • 1Neuroscience and Sense Organs Department, Aldo Moro University Bari, Italy.

International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology
|June 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that combining botulinum toxin injections with physical therapy (FKT) effectively treats cervical dystonia. This combined approach extends the treatment

More Related Videos

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators
10:30

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators

Published on: December 27, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators
10:30

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators

Published on: December 27, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Background:

  • Cervical dystonia involves abnormal head and neck postures and movements.
  • Current treatments include botulinum toxin and physical therapy, but optimal protocols are still explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of a combined treatment of botulinum toxin and physical therapy (FKT) for cervical dystonia.
  • To assess the utility of myometric measurements alongside traditional clinical scales.

Main Methods:

  • 15 patients with cervical dystonia received combined botulinum toxin and FKT.
  • Evaluations included physiatric examination, Tsui scale (dystonia), VAS scale (pain), and myometric measurements monthly.
  • Myoton device was used for myometric evaluation of muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness.

Main Results:

  • Combined botulinum toxin-FKT treatment showed statistical reduction in muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness.
  • Clinical scales (Tsui and VAS) also improved, correlating with myometric findings.
  • The therapeutic effect of botulinum toxin lasted approximately 4 months when combined with FKT, longer than the typical 3 months.

Conclusions:

  • Combined botulinum toxin and FKT is an effective treatment for cervical dystonia.
  • Myometric measurements provide objective data on muscle changes, aiding in personalized rehabilitation planning.
  • This approach may extend the duration of botulinum toxin's efficacy.