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Related Concept Videos

Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...

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Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
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Published on: October 11, 2012

Autophagic cell death exists.

Peter G H Clarke, Julien Puyal

    Autophagy
    |June 2, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Autophagic cell death (ACD) involves significant autophagy. Despite debate, this study confirms ACD

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    Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

    Published on: December 27, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Cell Biology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Autophagic cell death (ACD) is defined by enhanced autophagy, with recent criteria emphasizing its death-mediating role and exclusion of apoptosis/necrosis.
    • A recent article questioned the existence of ACD, citing failure to protect osteosarcoma cells via autophagy inhibition and proposing stringent criteria.

    Discussion:

    • This paper refutes the claim of ACD's rarity or nonexistence, presenting evidence for its occurrence even under stricter definitions.
    • The authors challenge the necessity of autophagy being the sole cell-dismantling agent in ACD.
    • Pure ACD is argued to be less likely in rapidly dividing cells like cancer cells.

    Key Insights:

    • Autophagic cell death (ACD) is a valid cell death pathway, distinct from apoptosis and necrosis.
    • Autophagy inhibition can protect cells, supporting its role in mediating cell death.
    • The definition and criteria for ACD require nuanced understanding, not overly restrictive interpretations.

    Outlook:

    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms and conditions of ACD.
    • Investigating ACD in various cell types, beyond rapidly dividing cancer cells, is crucial.
    • Clarifying the role of autophagy in different cell death modalities will advance cell biology.