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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
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Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nesprin interchain associations control nuclear size.

Wenshu Lu1, Maria Schneider, Sascha Neumann

  • 1School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|June 2, 2012
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Summary

Nesprins are nuclear envelope proteins connecting nuclei to the cytoskeleton. Their interactions form a network determining nuclear size, with specific domains influencing nuclear area.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Cytoskeleton Dynamics
  • Nuclear Architecture

Background:

  • Nesprins (nesprin-1/-2/-3/-4) are nuclear envelope proteins linking the nucleus to the cytoskeleton.
  • Giant nesprin-1/-2 isoforms bind F-actin via their N-terminal actin-binding domain (ABD).
  • Nesprin-3 lacks an ABD but binds plectin, which associates with intermediate filaments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physical and functional interactions between nesprin-1/-2 ABDs and nesprin-3.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which nesprin interactions with the cytoskeleton regulate nuclear size.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated nesprin-1/-2 ABD and nesprin-3 interactions.
  • Analyzed the effects of nesprin-2 ABD and KASH-domain overexpression on nuclear area.
  • Examined the impact of nesprin-2 mini expression, nesprin-3 co-expression, and microfilament depolymerization on nuclear size.

Main Results:

  • Nesprin-1/-2 ABDs physically and functionally interact with nesprin-3.
  • Overexpression of nesprin-2 ABD or KASH-domain increased nuclear area.
  • Nesprin-2 mini expression, especially with nesprin-3 or microfilament disruption, resulted in smaller nuclei.

Conclusions:

  • Nesprin-1/-2 giant isoforms integrate at the nuclear surface via both KASH-domain and N-terminal ABD-nesprin-3 association.
  • Multivariate nesprin interactions with the cytoskeleton create a lattice on the nuclear envelope that dictates nuclear size.