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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
10:44

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Published on: April 19, 2019

Isocyanates.

Kurt S Wenk1, Alison Ehrlich

  • 1Department of Dermatology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.

Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug
|June 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Physicians should recognize the sensitizing risks of isocyanates, commonly used industrial chemicals. This review covers isocyanate exposure, patch testing products, and optimal testing methods for accurate diagnosis.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Occupational Medicine
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Isocyanates are widely used in various industries, posing potential sensitization risks.
  • Physicians need awareness of isocyanate exposure and its health implications.
  • Occupational contact dermatitis is a significant concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To inform physicians about the sensitizing potential of isocyanates.
  • To review common industrial uses and exposure sources of isocyanates.
  • To guide appropriate patch testing for isocyanate-induced hypersensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of isocyanates and their industrial applications.
  • Identification of commonly used isocyanate products in patch testing.

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Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application
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Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

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Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes
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  • Discussion of established isocyanate patch testing protocols and concentrations.

    • Main Results:

    • Isocyanates are prevalent in manufacturing, construction, and automotive industries.
    • Specific isocyanate compounds are utilized in commercial patch test preparations.
    • Standardized patch testing methodology and concentration guidelines are crucial.

    Conclusions:

    • Increased physician awareness of isocyanate sensitization is essential.
    • Accurate diagnosis relies on understanding exposure pathways and utilizing appropriate patch tests.
    • Optimal patch testing strategies improve the management of isocyanate-related dermatoses.