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Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements

Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements

Carbohydrates are predominantly obtained from plant sources. With the exception of lactose found in milk and insignificant glycogen amounts in meat, most consumed carbohydrates have plant origins. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, or sugars, can be sourced from fruits, honey, milk, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Grains and vegetables are rich in the polysaccharide starch. Two types of polysaccharides provide fiber: cellulose, which is abundant in many vegetables, forms undigestible roughage or...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the body. They can be found in a wide variety of foods, including whole grains, fruit, and vegetables, in various forms, such as sugars, starch, and dietary fiber. Based on their structure, carbohydrates are classified into three main classes— monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The body's cells can only utilize simple...

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...

Carbohydrate Absorption

Carbohydrate Absorption

Carbohydrates are essential macronutrients that serve as the body's primary energy source. Their digestion begins in the mouth, where salivary amylase partially breaks down complex carbohydrates such as starch into smaller oligosaccharides. This mechanical and enzymatic activity prepares carbohydrates for further processing in the gastrointestinal tract.
After being swallowed, the partially digested carbohydrates mix with gastric secretions in the stomach. However, the acidic environment...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents

Published on: November 1, 2019

Carbohydrate intake.

Armelle Leturque¹, Edith Brot-Laroche, Maude Le Gall

¹Department of Physiology, Metabolism, Differentiation, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science

|June 5, 2012

Summary

Understanding sugar intake involves genetics and diet. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics can help tailor diets for better health and prevent metabolic diseases.

Area of Science:

Human nutrition
Genetics
Metabolic diseases

Background:

Carbohydrates are a primary energy source, with sugar intake influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
Gene variations affect sugar preference, and adaptations to carbohydrate availability are seen in metabolic health and digestion.
Dietary oligosaccharides impact gut microbiota, benefiting host health.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the role of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics in understanding sugar intake and metabolic health.
To highlight the genetic basis of sugar preference and carbohydrate metabolism.
To discuss the implications of genetic disorders related to carbohydrate digestion and transport.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on carbohydrate metabolism, genetics, and diet.

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Sucrose Preference and Novelty-Induced Hypophagia Tests in Rats using an Automated Food Intake Monitoring System

Sucrose Preference and Novelty-Induced Hypophagia Tests in Rats using an Automated Food Intake Monitoring System

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents

Published on: November 1, 2019

Sucrose Preference and Novelty-Induced Hypophagia Tests in Rats using an Automated Food Intake Monitoring System

Sucrose Preference and Novelty-Induced Hypophagia Tests in Rats using an Automated Food Intake Monitoring System

Published on: May 8, 2020

Analysis of gene polymorphisms influencing sugar preference and metabolic adaptations.

Examination of genetic diseases affecting carbohydrate digestion and transport.

Main Results:

Gene polymorphisms significantly influence individual sugar preferences.
Mutations in disaccharidase and sugar transporter genes cause severe carbohydrate-related diseases.
Dietary interventions, guided by genetic understanding, can prevent disease symptoms.

Conclusions:

Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics offer pathways to personalize diets for optimal wellness.
Tailoring dietary sugar composition is a future strategy for preventing metabolic diseases.
Continued research in these fields is crucial for advancing personalized nutrition.