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Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
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Pyloric Obstruction

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Tracheostomy Decannulation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice

Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice

Published on: February 5, 2021

Severe glottic stenosis in a parturient with ectodermal dysplasia.

O Viktorsdottir¹, W H Barth, C Hartnick

¹Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. olofvik@gmail.com

International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia

|June 5, 2012

Summary

Airway stenosis in pregnancy poses challenges. Early planning for tracheostomy (surgical airway) ensured the safety of a pregnant patient with severe glottic stenosis during delivery.

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Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Anesthesiology
Otolaryngology

Background:

Airway stenosis during pregnancy presents significant management challenges with limited established guidelines.
Ectodermal dysplasia can be associated with congenital airway abnormalities, including glottic stenosis.

Observation:

A 21-year-old nulliparous woman with a history of congenital glottic web and prior tracheostomy presented with severe glottic stenosis (2-3mm aperture) early in pregnancy.
The patient had fixed vocal cords, indicating a critically narrowed airway incompatible with vaginal delivery or potential airway emergencies.

Findings:

An elective tracheostomy was successfully performed under local anesthesia at nine weeks gestation.
The patient subsequently underwent an uncomplicated cesarean delivery utilizing spinal anesthesia.

Implications:

This case highlights the critical role of early interdisciplinary collaboration between obstetric anesthesia, maternal-fetal medicine, and otolaryngology.
Proactive airway management, including elective tracheostomy, is essential for ensuring maternal safety in pregnant patients with severe, pre-existing airway stenosis.
Successful peripartum outcomes are achievable with meticulous planning and individualized anesthetic strategies.