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Related Concept Videos

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
Paracrine Signaling01:21

Paracrine Signaling

Paracrine signaling allows cells to communicate with their immediate neighbors via secretion of signaling molecules. Such a signal can only trigger a response in nearby target cells because the signal molecules degrade quickly or are inactivated if not taken up. Prominent examples of paracrine signaling include nitric oxide signaling in blood vessels, synaptic signaling of neurons, the blood clotting system, tissue repair/wound healing, and local allergic skin reactions. Nitric oxide as a...

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Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO&#8226;) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO&#8226; Signals in Single Cells
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Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO•) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO• Signals in Single Cells

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Nitric oxide--a versatile key player in cochlear function and hearing disorders.

Ulf-Rüdiger Heinrich1, Kai Helling

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany. heinrich@hno.klinik.uni-mainz.de

Nitric Oxide : Biology and Chemistry
|June 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitric oxide (NO) imbalances in the cochlea can lead to hearing loss. This review explores how NO affects hearing and discusses potential therapeutic strategies for NO-related hearing disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Oto-neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule produced by three nitric oxide synthases (NOS).
  • Endothelial (eNOS) and neural (nNOS) isoforms are calcium-dependent and constitutively expressed, including in the cochlea.
  • Inducible (iNOS) is calcium-independent and typically absent in unstimulated cochleae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of NO in the inner ear.
  • To elucidate cellular mechanisms linking NO dysregulation to hearing disorders.
  • To evaluate NO-reduction strategies and their translational potential for human therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of NO's role in cochlear function and dysfunction.
  • Analysis of cellular mechanisms underlying NO-mediated effects on hearing.
  • Evaluation of experimental findings from animal models for human application.

Main Results:

  • NO is involved in cochlear neurotransmission, neuromodulation, and cell protection/destruction.
  • Altered cochlear NO concentrations can lead to NO-imbalance, impacting hearing.
  • Dysfunctional NO levels may affect cochlear regulatory systems like gap junctions and vasculature.

Conclusions:

  • NO signaling plays a critical role in maintaining cochlear homeostasis.
  • NO imbalance is implicated in various forms of hearing loss and deafness.
  • Targeting NO pathways offers potential therapeutic avenues for hearing disorders, with ongoing research into translational applications.