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Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them into different...

Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions

A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in...

Consecutive Reactions

Consecutive Reactions

Consecutive reactions involve a sequence where the product of a preceding reaction becomes the reactant for the subsequent one. In a simple scheme, A transforms into B, which further reacts to form C, with rate constants k1 and k2, respectively. This concept is evident in the radioactive decay series. Assuming an initial state with only A present, the conservation of matter leads to three coupled differential equations, determining the concentrations of A, B, and C over time.The rate of change...

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, are the reactants in the production of table salt. One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction are called the product. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass, which means that matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The components of the reactants—the number of atoms and the elements—are all...

Chemical Equations

Chemical Equations

Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their formulas are placed on the left side of the equation. The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and their formulas are placed on the right side of the equation. Plus signs (+) separate individual reactant and product formulas, and an arrow (→) separates the reactant and product (left and right)...

Coupled Reactions

Coupled Reactions

Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Cells often couple the energy-releasing reaction with the energy-requiring one to carry out important cell functions.
Energy in adenosine triphosphate or ATP molecules is easily accessible to do work. ATP powers the majority of energy-requiring cellular reactions. Cells...

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Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks

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Concordant chemical reaction networks.

Guy Shinar¹, Martin Feinberg

¹Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. shinarg@gmail.com

Mathematical Biosciences

|June 5, 2012

Summary

Concordant chemical reaction networks with weakly monotonic kinetics avoid switch-like transitions between steady states. This structural property is key for understanding biochemical systems where degradation is rare.

Area of Science:

Systems Biology
Chemical Kinetics
Network Theory

Background:

Understanding the dynamic behavior of chemical reaction networks is crucial for fields like systems biology.
Previous studies often assumed all species degrade, limiting applicability to biochemical systems.
Switch-like transitions in biological systems are often linked to specific network structures and kinetics.

Purpose of the Study:

To define and analyze a class of chemical reaction networks termed 'concordant networks'.
To investigate the relationship between concordance, network kinetics, and the emergence of injectivity.
To explore the implications of concordance for system dynamics, including steady states and persistence.

Main Methods:

Mathematical analysis of chemical reaction networks.

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Definition and application of the structural property 'concordance'.

Investigation of kinetic systems with weakly monotonic functions.

Main Results:

Concordant networks, under weakly monotonic kinetics, invariably yield injective kinetic systems.
Injectivity precludes switch-like transitions between distinct positive steady states.
Characterization of persistence properties for concordant networks and instability for discordant ones.

Conclusions:

Concordance is a fundamental structural property determining the dynamic behavior of chemical reaction networks.
This framework extends previous findings by not requiring degradation reactions for all species.
The results are particularly relevant for analyzing complex biochemical networks.