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Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Magnetic Field Due To A Thin Straight Wire

Magnetic Field Due To A Thin Straight Wire

Consider an infinitely long straight wire carrying a current I. The magnetic field at point P at a distance a from the origin can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Consider two parallel straight wires carrying a current of 10 A and 20 A in the same direction and separated by a distance of 20 cm. Calculate the magnetic field at a point "P2", midway between the wires. Also, evaluate the magnetic field when the direction of the current is reversed in the second wire.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Scanner for Imaging Magnetic Particles in Planar Samples

Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Scanner for Imaging Magnetic Particles in Planar Samples

Published on: June 9, 2016

Three-dimensional diamagnetic particle deflection in ferrofluid microchannel flows.

Litao Liang¹, Junjie Zhu, Xiangchun Xuan

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, USA.

Biomicrofluidics

|June 5, 2012

Summary

Diamagnetic particle manipulation using magnetic fields offers a simple, cost-effective method for biomicrofluidics. Particles are repelled by magnets, forming a focused stream in ferrofluid flows within microchannels.

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Area of Science:

Biomicrofluidics
Magnetohydrodynamics
Particle Manipulation

Background:

Magnetic field-induced particle manipulation is advantageous for biomicrofluidics due to its simplicity, low cost, and absence of fluid heating.
Diamagnetic particles exhibit negative magnetophoresis, being repelled by magnetic fields, which can be leveraged for controlled movement.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the fundamental principles of diamagnetic particle motion in ferrofluid flows within a microchannel under the influence of a permanent magnet.
To analyze the three-dimensional deflection of diamagnetic particles and understand the factors influencing their trajectory.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a rectangular microchannel with a nearby permanent magnet to generate a magnetic field gradient.
Introducing diamagnetic particles into a ferrofluid and observing their motion under varying flow rates, particle sizes, and magnetic field strengths.
Developing and applying a three-dimensional analytical model to predict particle behavior.

Main Results:

Diamagnetic particles were observed to be repelled from the magnet, forming a focused stream near the microchannel corner farthest from the magnetic field center.
Systematic studies revealed the influence of particle position relative to the magnet, particle size, ferrofluid flow rate, and concentration on particle deflection.
Experimental results demonstrated quantitative agreement with the predictions of the three-dimensional analytical model.

Conclusions:

Magnetic field-induced negative magnetophoresis provides an effective method for three-dimensional particle focusing in microfluidic devices.
The study validates a predictive analytical model for diamagnetic particle behavior in ferrofluid flows, crucial for designing microfluidic systems.
This technique holds significant potential for various biomicrofluidic applications requiring precise particle manipulation.