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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...

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Measurement of Poly A Tail Length from Drosophila Larva Brain and Cell Line
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Translational control by changes in poly(A) tail length: recycling mRNAs.

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Poly(A) tail length regulates gene translation and cellular processes. While mechanisms, targets, and functions are known, few studies integrate all three aspects of polyadenylation regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The poly(A) tail of mRNA is crucial for stability and translational control.
  • Alternative polyadenylation (APA) site selection impacts gene expression genome-wide.
  • Mechanisms of poly(A) tail regulation in nucleus and cytoplasm are well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the interplay between poly(A) tail length dynamics, APA, and translational regulation.
  • To bridge the gap between understanding mechanisms, targets, and functional outcomes of polyadenylation.
  • To highlight the need for integrated studies in polyadenylation research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on poly(A) tail regulation.
  • Analysis of genome-wide screening data for polyadenylation targets.
  • Synthesis of findings on nuclear and cytoplasmic poly(A) tail modification pathways.

Main Results:

  • Extensive knowledge exists on factors and mechanisms controlling poly(A) tail length and APA.
  • Numerous targets of poly(A) tail regulation have been identified across the genome.
  • Poly(A) tail alterations are linked to diverse physiological and pathological conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Despite detailed knowledge of components, few studies holistically investigate poly(A) tail mechanisms, targets, and functions together.
  • Integrated research is essential to fully understand the regulatory roles of polyadenylation in gene expression and disease.
  • Future studies should aim to connect the molecular mechanisms with the functional consequences of poly(A) tail dynamics.