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LTR Retrotransposons

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

Retroviruses

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...

Transposons

Transposons

Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Published on: April 23, 2016

Citrus and Prunuscopia-like retrotransposons.

M J Asíns¹, A J Monforte, P F Mestre

¹Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain, ES.

TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik

|June 6, 2012

Summary

Copia-like retrotransposons are abundant in citrus genomes and may drive genetic variability, influencing cultivar development. Further research is crucial before commercializing transgenic citrus to prevent potential recombination issues.

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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

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Area of Science:

Plant genetics
Molecular biology
Genomics

Background:

Important citrus cultivars arise from somatic mutations.
Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements found in many genomes.
Copia-like retrotransposons have been investigated in fruit trees, particularly citrus.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presence and distribution of copia-like retrotransposons in citrus and related species.
To explore the potential role of retrotransposons in citrus genetic variability and cultivar development.
To assess risks associated with transgenic citrus and retrotransposon activity.

Main Methods:

PCR assay to detect copia-like reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences.
Cloning and sequencing of amplification products from Citrus and Prunus species.
Southern-blot hybridization to determine retrotransposon copy number.
Sequence analysis and database homology searches.
Cluster analysis of RT sequences.

Main Results:

Multiple copia-like retrotransposon copies are integrated throughout the citrus genome.
Citrus RT sequences show homology to copia-like elements from unrelated plant species.
Evidence suggests horizontal transmission of retrotransposons.
A novel C-methylated DNA fragment with an RT sequence is present in navel oranges but not Valencia oranges.
Retrotransposon activity may contribute to genetic variability in sweet orange cultivars.

Conclusions:

Copia-like retrotransposons are widespread and potentially active in citrus genomes.
Retrotransposon activity might be a significant factor in the evolution of citrus cultivars.
Caution is advised regarding transgenic citrus due to potential retrotransposon recombination.
Alternative strategies for citrus virus disease control should be prioritized.