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Related Concept Videos

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
Coriolis Force01:23

Coriolis Force

An accelerating particle experiences a force equal to the mass multiplied by the acceleration in an inertial frame of reference. Consider a particle in a non-inertial frame of reference, such as a sliding ball on a rotating table. The acceleration of the ball in this rotating reference frame is different than in the intertial frame, which modifies its equation of motion. The fictitious forces acting additionally on a rotating frame of reference alter Newton's Second Law expression. Centripetal...
Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving01:20

Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving

There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting characteristics, but all three have two things in common: they transfer heat solely because of a temperature difference; and the greater the temperature difference, the faster the heat transfer.
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General External Flow Characteristics01:26

General External Flow Characteristics

The study of external flow is essential for creating structures and objects that interact efficiently and safely with moving fluids, such as air or water. When a body is immersed in a flowing fluid, it experiences two primary forces: drag, which opposes motion along the flow direction, and lift, which acts perpendicular to the flow. The shape, size, and orientation of the object influence these forces.Streamlined and Blunt Bodies in External FlowObjects in fluid flow are classified as...
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions01:16

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions

Consider an external electric field propagating through a homogeneous medium. When the electric field crosses the surface boundary of the medium, it undergoes a discontinuity. The electric field can be resolved into normal and tangential components. The amount by which the field changes at any boundary is given by the difference between the field components above and below the surface boundary.
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Updated: May 21, 2026

Investigating the Relationship between Sea Surface Chlorophyll and Major Features of the South China Sea with Satellite Information
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Investigating the Relationship between Sea Surface Chlorophyll and Major Features of the South China Sea with Satellite Information

Published on: June 13, 2020

Anomalously weak solar convection.

Shravan M Hanasoge1, Thomas L Duvall, Katepalli R Sreenivasan

  • 1Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. krs3@nyu.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Solar convection velocities are much weaker than predicted, suggesting a new turbulence model is needed. This implies the Sun may rotate faster than previously thought, with large-scale convection being quasi-geostrophic.

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Published on: June 13, 2020

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Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection
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Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection

Published on: September 5, 2018

Area of Science:

  • * Solar Physics
  • * Helioseismology
  • * Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • * Solar interior convection is understood to occur across various scales.
  • * Previous studies relied on phenomenological models and simulations with limited dynamical parameters.
  • * Understanding solar convection is crucial for explaining heat transport and solar rotation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To image solar interior flows using helioseismology.
  • * To measure convective velocity magnitudes as a function of depth and spherical-harmonic degree.
  • * To investigate the dynamics of solar convection and its implications for solar rotation.

Main Methods:

  • * Analysis of wavefield observations in the solar photosphere.
  • * Application of time-distance helioseismology techniques.
  • * Processing of 900 billion wavefield observations to yield 3 billion cross-correlations and 5 million wave travel times.

Main Results:

  • * Convective velocities for spherical-harmonic degrees ℓ < 60 are 20-100 times weaker than theoretical estimates.
  • * Advection is dominated by Coriolis forces for ℓ < 60, with low Rossby numbers (approx. 10^-2 at r/R = 0.96).
  • * Solar rotation may be faster than previously assumed, with large-scale convection exhibiting quasi-geostrophic behavior.

Conclusions:

  • * Current models of solar convection turbulence may be inadequate.
  • * The Sun's rotation and large-scale convection dynamics might differ from existing paradigms.
  • * A latitudinal entropy gradient is suggested by misaligned isorotation contours.