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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.
How Data are Classified: Numerical Data00:59

How Data are Classified: Numerical Data

Data that are countable or measurable in specific units are called numerical or quantitative data. Quantitative data are always numbers. Quantitative data are the result of counting or measuring the attributes of a population. Amount of money, pulse rate, weight, number of people living in a town, and number of students who opt for statistics are examples of quantitative data.
Quantitative data may be either discrete or continuous. All quantitative data that take on only specific numerical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings
07:08

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Published on: August 1, 2018

Representation of numerosity in posterior parietal cortex.

Jamie D Roitman1, Elizabeth M Brannon, Michael L Platt

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, USA.

Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
|June 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is crucial for numerical cognition in humans and animals. Its neurons represent number magnitude, aiding in tasks like arithmetic and magnitude comparison.

Keywords:
animal cognitionelectrophysiologyhumannumberposterior parietal cortexpsychophysics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Comparative Psychology

Background:

  • Humans and animals share a subjective numerical representation.
  • The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is implicated in numerical abilities.
  • Parietal lesions impair numerical understanding and arithmetic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in numerical cognition.
  • To explore how PPC neurons represent numerical magnitude.
  • To understand the neural basis of shared numerical abilities across species.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of neurological and neurophysiological data.
  • Examination of patients with parietal lesions (acalculia).
  • Functional imaging (fMRI) in humans performing numerical tasks.
  • Single-unit recordings in non-human primate PPC.

Main Results:

  • Parietal lesions lead to deficits in accessing number meaning and performing arithmetic.
  • Functional imaging reveals activity in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) during numerical tasks.
  • PPC neurons in primates are sensitive to numerosity and encode numerical magnitude.

Conclusions:

  • The parietal cortex plays a critical role in the mental manipulation of numerical quantities.
  • PPC neurons' spatial and integrative properties are key to numerical cognition.
  • Evidence supports a shared neural basis for numerical representation in humans and animals.