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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
10:56

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Published on: May 20, 2014

Driven Brownian coagulation of polymers.

P L Krapivsky1, Colm Connaughton

  • 1Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. pkrapivsky@gmail.com

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|June 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Brownian coagulation kinetics reveal two distinct long-time behaviors for cluster size distributions. Depending on the inverse fractal dimension (a), distributions either stabilize or form a bimodal pattern, impacting aggregate growth dynamics.

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Brownian coagulation is a fundamental process in colloid and polymer science.
  • Understanding cluster size distribution is crucial for predicting material properties and evolution.
  • Previous models often simplified the complex dynamics of monomer-driven aggregation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the mean-field kinetics of Brownian coagulation driven by monomer input.
  • To characterize the long-time behavior of cluster size distribution.
  • To determine the influence of the inverse fractal dimension (a) on aggregation dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Mean-field kinetic analysis of Brownian coagulation.
  • Investigation of cluster size distribution as a function of inverse fractal dimension (a).

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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

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Methods for the Self-integration of Megamolecular Biopolymers on the Drying Air-LC Interface
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Methods for the Self-integration of Megamolecular Biopolymers on the Drying Air-LC Interface

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
10:56

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Published on: May 20, 2014

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Methods for the Self-integration of Megamolecular Biopolymers on the Drying Air-LC Interface
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Methods for the Self-integration of Megamolecular Biopolymers on the Drying Air-LC Interface

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  • Mathematical characterization of long-time aggregation behaviors.

    • Main Results:

    • For 0 ≤ a < 1/2, a stationary state is reached with a power-law cluster size distribution (exponent 3/2).
    • For 1/2 < a ≤ 1, a bimodal distribution forms, with small clusters and a separate population of large, continuously growing clusters.
    • The marginal case (a = 1/2) suggests a stationary state with logarithmic corrections to the algebraic tail.

    Conclusions:

    • The inverse fractal dimension (a) critically dictates the long-time fate of Brownian coagulation.
    • Two distinct aggregation regimes exist: stable power-law or dynamic bimodal distributions.
    • These findings provide a more nuanced understanding of aggregate evolution in monomer-driven systems.