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Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

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Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

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Updated: May 21, 2026

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point

Published on: June 28, 2024

Pediatric pseudotumor cerebri.

Paul H Phillips¹

¹Arkansas Children's Hospital, 1 Children’s Way – Slot 111, Little Rock, AR 72201, USA.

International Ophthalmology Clinics

|June 7, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric Pseudotumor Cerebri (PTC) presents differently than in adults, with children experiencing more associated conditions and cranial nerve deficits. Treatment focuses on managing headaches and preserving vision, often with medication or surgery.

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Neurology
Ophthalmology
Neuro-oncology

Background:

Pseudotumor Cerebri (PTC), also known as Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH), typically affects obese women of childbearing age.
However, PTC also occurs in children, presenting with distinct characteristics compared to adult cases.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the clinical presentation, associated conditions, and treatment outcomes of pediatric Pseudotumor Cerebri.
To highlight the differences in PTC presentation between children and adults.

Main Methods:

Review of pediatric cases diagnosed with PTC.
Analysis of associated medical conditions, neurological deficits, and treatment responses.

Main Results:

Prepubertal children with PTC show a lower incidence of obesity and no sex predilection compared to adults.
Children with PTC have a higher prevalence of associated conditions and cranial nerve deficits.
Intracranial neoplasms, such as gliomatosis cerebri, are rare but serious considerations in pediatric PTC.
An elevated intracranial pressure of 28 cm H2O is the upper limit of normal in children.

Conclusions:

Pediatric PTC requires careful diagnosis and management due to potential for severe complications, including permanent visual loss.
Treatment strategies include medical management (acetazolamide, furosemide, topiramate) and surgical interventions (optic nerve sheath fenestration, shunting) for refractory cases.