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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
Stem Cell Culture01:17

Stem Cell Culture

Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration01:21

Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
Types of Stem Cells used in Stem Cell Therapy
The two main cell types that...
Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their access...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation
17:28

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Published on: June 17, 2015

Embryonic stem cell test: stem cell use in predicting developmental cardiotoxicity and osteotoxicity.

Béatrice Kuske1, Polina Y Pulyanina, Nicole I zur Nieden

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|June 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The embryonic stem cell test (EST) offers an alternative to animal testing for identifying developmental toxins. This method compares the toxicity of compounds to adult and embryonic cells, assessing their potential to cause birth defects.

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Published on: October 10, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Developmental Biology
  • In Vitro Assays

Background:

  • Preventing birth defects requires identifying embryonic toxicities.
  • Animal models are currently used for embryotoxicity testing.
  • In vitro assays are proposed to reduce animal use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review the embryonic stem cell test (EST) as an alternative to animal testing for embryotoxicity.
  • Describe protocols for culturing cell lines and differentiating stem cells.
  • Present methods for evaluating developmental toxicity, including new molecular endpoints.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes murine 3T3 fibroblasts and embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
  • Compares cytotoxicity sensitivity between adult and embryonic cells using MTT assay.
  • Assesses inhibition of ESC differentiation into cardiomyocytes and osteoblasts.
  • Analyzes cardiomyocyte-specific mRNA expression and osteoblast differentiation/calcification.

Main Results:

  • The EST compares cytotoxic potential between adult and embryonic cells.
  • ESC differentiation into cardiomyocytes and osteoblasts can be evaluated.
  • Molecular analysis of mRNA successfully predicts developmental toxicity.
  • Methods for assessing bone and cardiac developmental toxicity are presented.

Conclusions:

  • The EST provides a framework for assessing developmental toxicity in vitro.
  • New molecular endpoints improve EST predictivity and address limitations of older methods.
  • This approach can predict a compound's potential to cause in vivo developmental toxicity.