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Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...

Mass Spectrometry: Alcohol Fragmentation

Mass Spectrometry: Alcohol Fragmentation

Alcohols (R-OH) ionize to lose one non-bonded electron from the oxygen atom, forming molecular ions. Due to their tendency to fragment rapidly, the intensity of the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum is weak or sometimes absent. The fragmentation patterns for alcohols occur in two ways, i.e. ⍺-cleavage and dehydration. During ⍺-cleavage, the bond at the ⍺-position adjacent to the hydroxyl group cleaves to give a resonance-stabilized cation and a radical. However, intramolecular dehydration...

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...

Physical Properties of Ethers

Physical Properties of Ethers

Overview
An ether molecule has a net dipole moment due to the polarity of C–O bonds. Subsequently, boiling points of ethers are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular weight and slightly higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight (Table 1).
Ethers can act as hydrogen bond acceptors, making them more water-soluble than hydrocarbons, but since ethers cannot act as hydrogen bond donors, they are much less soluble in water than alcohols. Ethers are considered...

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

Protection of Alcohols

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans

The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans

Published on: April 28, 2022

Comparing alcohol affordability in 65 cities worldwide.

Ming-Yue Kan¹, Maggie Lau

¹Centre for Greater China Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, China. mingyuekan@gmail.com

Drug and Alcohol Review

|June 8, 2012

Summary

Alcohol affordability is high in most cities globally, particularly in high-income countries. Price policies for alcohol control require urgent adjustments, especially considering emerging economies.

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Health Economics
Alcohol Policy

Background:

Alcohol affordability is a key determinant of consumption patterns and related harms.
Previous research has not comprehensively assessed global alcohol affordability across diverse urban settings.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a standardized measure of alcohol affordability (AA).
To compare alcohol affordability across 65 cities worldwide.
To inform alcohol control price policies.

Main Methods:

Defined alcohol affordability as the proportion of median daily income required to purchase specific alcoholic beverages.
Utilized income data from the Union Bank of Switzerland survey.
Employed price data for alcoholic beverages from the Economist Intelligence Unit.

Main Results:

A significant majority of cities (87.7%) exhibited high alcohol affordability.
European and American cities dominated the top 20 most affordable rankings, with Tokyo as a notable exception.
All cities in high-income countries demonstrated high alcohol affordability, while two low-level AA cities were found in low-middle-income countries.

Conclusions:

Alcohol consumption is highly affordable in numerous global cities, necessitating urgent price policy adjustments for alcohol control.
Emerging economies play a crucial role in global alcohol control due to their economic growth and large populations.
Further research, including periodical monitoring of alcohol affordability and its health impacts, is essential for effective policy development.