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Related Concept Videos

Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Microbial Interactions: Mutualism

Mutualism is a symbiotic interaction in which all participating organisms benefit. These relationships can be obligate or facultative and are fundamental to ecosystem functions across diverse biological systems.Plant–Fungi MutualismOne well-known example is the association between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi, such as Rhizophagus species. The fungal hyphae penetrate the root hairs and the epidermis, forming an extensive hyphal network that establishes a symbiotic association. Through this...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such as...

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Updated: May 21, 2026

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota
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An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota

Published on: July 31, 2019

Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions.

Jeremy K Nicholson1, Elaine Holmes, James Kinross

  • 1Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. j.nicholson@imperial.ac.uk

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiota develops with the host, influencing metabolism and immunity through complex interactions. Understanding these host-microbiota axes is key to developing new therapies for diseases.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota
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An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

Published on: June 30, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Physiology
  • Metabolic Science

Background:

  • The gut microbiota and host physiology co-evolve from birth.
  • Microbiota activity is influenced by host genetics, diet, and lifestyle.
  • The gut microbiota regulates host metabolic pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate connections between the gut microbiota and host systems.
  • To understand the metabolic, signaling, and immune-inflammatory axes.
  • To provide a foundation for therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review and synthesis of existing research.
  • It analyzes the interplay between host and microbial factors.
  • It examines the physiological connections across gut, liver, muscle, and brain.

Main Results:

  • Established the concept of interactive host-microbiota axes.
  • Highlighted the microbiota's role in regulating host metabolism.
  • Demonstrated physiological links between the gut, liver, muscle, and brain.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of host-microbiota axes is crucial.
  • This knowledge is essential for developing microbiota-based therapies.
  • Optimizing therapeutic strategies can combat disease and improve health.