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Related Concept Videos

Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
The Skin Microbiota01:27

The Skin Microbiota

The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Microbial Interactions: Parasitism

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
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An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

Published on: June 30, 2021

Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system.

Lora V Hooper1, Dan R Littman, Andrew J Macpherson

  • 1The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. lora.hooper@utsouthwestern.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian immune systems and resident microbes have a coevolved relationship critical for health. Understanding these interactions maintains host-microbial balance and prevents disease.

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
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Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach
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Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Host-Microbe Interactions

Background:

  • Mammalian body surfaces host numerous microorganisms with a complex, coevolved relationship with the immune system.
  • Resident microbes are vital for host physiology but can cause disease if barriers are breached.
  • The mammalian immune system is crucial for maintaining homeostasis with microbial communities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in understanding host-microbe interactions.
  • To explore how resident microbes shape mammalian immunity.
  • To discuss the implications for human health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on host-microbe interactions.
  • Analysis of studies on immune system's role in maintaining microbial homeostasis.
  • Synthesis of findings on microbial influence on mammalian immunity.

Main Results:

  • The immune system actively maintains a mutualistic relationship with resident microbes.
  • Resident microbes significantly influence the development and function of the mammalian immune system.
  • Dysregulation of these interactions is linked to various pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • A deep understanding of host-microbe interactions is essential for maintaining health.
  • Advances in this field offer potential therapeutic strategies for immune-related diseases.
  • Continued research is vital for harnessing the benefits of the microbiome for human health.