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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Published on: August 21, 2017

Intracellular events regulating cross-presentation.

Claudia S Wagner1, Jeffrey E Grotzke, Peter Cresswell

  • 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University Medical Center, New Haven, CT, USA.

Frontiers in Immunology
|June 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cross-presentation is key for CD8 T cell immunity, but its mechanisms remain unclear. This review outlines antigen uptake, processing, and MHC class I loading steps crucial for this process.

Keywords:
MHC class Idendritic cellendocytosisphagocytosis

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An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics
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An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Published on: August 21, 2017

An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics
09:25

An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics

Published on: December 24, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cross-presentation is vital for initiating CD8 T cell responses.
  • Despite its importance, the precise molecular mechanisms of cross-presentation are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular components and stages involved in cross-presentation.
  • To highlight the complexities and remaining questions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on antigen uptake, intracellular trafficking, and antigen processing.
  • Discussion of the roles of endosomal/phagosomal compartments, proteasomes, and ER-associated degradation machinery.
  • Examination of the influence of antigen-presenting cell type and maturation state.

Main Results:

  • Antigen internalization via various receptors affects trafficking and pathway access.
  • Endosomal/phagosomal processing, including proteolysis and disulfide bond reduction, is critical.
  • Proteasomal degradation is a major source of peptides for cross-presentation, with potential roles for ER-associated degradation components.
  • Peptide loading onto MHC class I molecules may occur in endosomes/phagosomes, not just the ER.
  • Dendritic cell subsets and maturation status significantly impact cross-presentation efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Cross-presentation involves intricate steps from antigen uptake to MHC class I loading.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms, including the roles of alternative compartments and cellular machinery.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies and vaccines.