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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

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Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Published on: September 26, 2019

Motor control abnormalities in Parkinson's disease.

Pietro Mazzoni¹, Britne Shabbott, Juan Camilo Cortés

¹Motor Performance Laboratory, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. pm125@columbia.edu

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

|June 8, 2012

Summary

Parkinson's disease causes movement abnormalities by disrupting motor control processes. Understanding these disruptions can lead to new treatments like neural prostheses and rehabilitation strategies.

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Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Motor Control
Movement Disorders

Background:

Parkinson's disease (PD) primarily manifests as motor abnormalities, including slowness, gait/balance issues, and tremor.
Current understanding links these symptoms to neuronal and muscle activity disruptions.
Motor control offers a framework to understand how PD affects movement coordination and execution.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the concept of motor control in the context of Parkinson's disease.
To illustrate the challenges in understanding PD motor symptoms through a motor control lens.
To highlight the potential benefits of this understanding for future therapies.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on motor control and Parkinson's disease.
Conceptual analysis of motor symptoms as disruptions in motor control processes.
Illustrative examples of specific motor symptoms in PD.

Main Results:

Parkinson's disease motor symptoms, like slowness, can be conceptualized as disruptions in specific motor control processes.
Understanding these disruptions is currently limited by incomplete knowledge of normal motor control.
This understanding could inform the design of neural prostheses and rehabilitation strategies.

Conclusions:

Viewing Parkinson's disease motor symptoms through the lens of motor control offers valuable insights.
Further research into normal motor control is crucial for advancing PD treatment.
This approach holds promise for developing targeted interventions and assistive technologies.