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Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug binding...

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...

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A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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The changing therapeutic landscape for hepatitis C.

Gregory J Dore¹

¹The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. gdore@kirby.unsw.edu.au

The Medical Journal of Australia

|June 9, 2012

Summary

Direct-acting antiviral therapy offers hope for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, promising more effective and shorter treatments. Future strategies will focus on interferon-free regimens with improved tolerability and simpler protocols.

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Area of Science:

Hepatology
Virology
Public Health

Background:

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection presents a significant global public health challenge.
Recent advancements in direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies offer new hope for effective HCV treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline the evolving landscape of HCV treatment over the next decade.
To highlight the transition from interferon-based to interferon-free DAA regimens.

Main Methods:

Review of current and emerging direct-acting antiviral therapies for HCV.
Analysis of treatment efficacy, toxicity, and management protocols.

Main Results:

Initial combination therapies (pegylated interferon, ribavirin, protease inhibitor) show increased toxicity and complexity.
Emerging interferon-free DAA regimens promise enhanced tolerability and simplified treatment protocols.

Conclusions:

The next decade will witness a paradigm shift in HCV management towards more effective, safer, and patient-friendly therapies.
Interferon-free DAA regimens are expected to become the standard of care, simplifying treatment and improving patient outcomes.