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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226

Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226

Published on: May 10, 2022

CD22 and Siglec-G in B cell function and tolerance.

Jonathan C Poe¹, Thomas F Tedder

¹Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. jonathan.poe@duke.edu

Trends in Immunology

|June 9, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The innate immune system must tolerate self-antigens (Ags). This review explores how B cell-restricted Siglecs, like CD22 and Siglec-G, may help maintain tolerance to T cell-independent type-2 (TI-2) Ags.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226

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Published on: May 10, 2022

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

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Published on: October 8, 2012

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

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Published on: April 11, 2019

Area of Science:

Immunology
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity

Background:

The immune system comprises innate and adaptive arms.
Innate immunity provides immediate, broad defense.
Adaptive immunity offers specific, memory-based responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To define mechanisms of innate immune tolerance.
To explore B cell tolerance to self T cell-independent type-2 (TI-2) antigens.
To examine the role of CD22 and Siglec-G in this process.

Main Methods:

Literature review of B cell tolerance.
Analysis of T cell-independent type-2 (TI-2) antigen recognition.
Examination of sialic acid binding Ig-like lectins (Siglecs) function.

Main Results:

Innate immune cells must distinguish self from non-self.
B cell-restricted Siglecs (CD22, Siglec-G) are implicated in tolerance.
These Siglecs may regulate B cell responses to TI-2 Ags.

Conclusions:

Understanding innate immune tolerance is crucial.
CD22 and Siglec-G are potential key regulators of B cell tolerance to self TI-2 Ags.
Further research is needed to elucidate these mechanisms.