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Updated: May 21, 2026

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A Finite Element Approach for Locating the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Teeth
Published on: April 8, 2020
The impacted maxillary canine: a proposed classification for surgical exposure
Andrew R Chapokas1, Khalid Almas, Gian-Pietro Schincaglia
1Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut, School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
Summary
Surgical exposure and orthodontic eruption are key for impacted maxillary canines. A new classification system aids in choosing the best surgical approach based on canine location and anatomy.
Area of Science:
- Dentistry
- Orthodontics
- Oral Surgery
Background:
- Impacted maxillary canines are a common orthodontic concern.
- Surgical exposure followed by orthodontic eruption is a standard treatment.
- Various surgical techniques exist for canine exposure.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the literature on impacted maxillary canines.
- To introduce a novel classification system for maxillary canine impactions.
- To provide guidelines for selecting appropriate surgical approaches.
Main Methods:
- Literature review on canine impaction epidemiology, diagnosis, and surgical options.
- Analysis of current surgical techniques for impacted maxillary canine exposure.
Main Results:
- Accurate diagnosis requires thorough clinical examination and imaging.
- Surgical approach selection depends on the canine's anatomical position relative to the alveolar ridge.
- The amount of keratinized gingiva is a crucial factor in surgical planning.
Conclusions:
- A proposed clinical classification offers a systematic method for treatment planning.
- This classification considers impacted tooth location and relevant anatomical factors.
- It facilitates informed decisions regarding the optimal surgical strategy.
