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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
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Published on: May 30, 2012

Post-translational modulation of pluripotency.

Ning Cai1, Mo Li, Jing Qu

  • 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.

Journal of Molecular Cell Biology
|June 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maintaining pluripotency in stem cells involves complex transcription factor networks. Post-translational modifications finely tune these factors, balancing pluripotency and differentiation.

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Published on: May 12, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Pluripotency is maintained by a complex transcriptional network.
  • Key transcription factors regulate stem cell identity.
  • Stem cells are sensitive to changes in pluripotency factor levels and activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of post-translational modifications in regulating pluripotency factors.
  • To understand how these modifications balance stem cell pluripotency and differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of post-translational modification pathways.
  • Studying ubiquitination, sumoylation, phosphorylation, methylation, and acetylation.
  • Assessing their impact on pluripotency factor regulation.

Main Results:

  • Post-translational modifications are crucial for regulating pluripotency factors.
  • These modifications control factor abundance and activity.
  • A balance between pluripotency and differentiation is achieved through these regulatory mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Post-translational modifications are essential for maintaining stem cell pluripotency.
  • Fine-tuning of pluripotency factors by modifications is key for stem cell fate decisions.