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S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.

Chromosome Replication

Chromosome Replication

Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins. This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin of...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Electrophoretic Analysis of Replication Through Structure-Prone DNA Repeats Within the SV40-Based Human Episome

Electrophoretic Analysis of Replication Through Structure-Prone DNA Repeats Within the SV40-Based Human Episome

Published on: September 13, 2024

SIV replication in human cells.

Ryuta Sakuma¹, Hiroaki Takeuchi

¹Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.

Frontiers in Microbiology

|June 9, 2012

Summary

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) zoonotic transmission is limited by host factors. This review explores antiviral proteins like APOBEC3A and cyclophilins that create species-specific barriers, hindering SIV replication in human cells.

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Genetics

Background:

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pandemic likely originated from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) cross-species transmission.
Viral replication efficiency and tropism are significantly influenced by host cell factors, which often exhibit species-specificity.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the mechanisms underlying species-specific barriers against retroviral infections.
To understand how host cell factors modulate SIV replication and determine viral tropism.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on host-pathogen interactions in retroviral infections.
Focus on the antiviral effects of specific host factors on SIV replication.

Main Results:

Keywords:

APOBEC3G HIV-1 SIV TRIM5α cyclophilin A cyclophilin B

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Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

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Identified host cell factors, including APOBEC3A, TRIM5α, and cyclophilins, exhibit antiviral effects against SIV.
These factors contribute to species-specific barriers that restrict SIV replication in human cells.

Conclusions:

Understanding these host-specific antiviral mechanisms is crucial for explaining zoonotic transmission of retroviruses.
Targeting these factors could offer insights into preventing cross-species viral infections.