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Law of Segregation

Law of Segregation

When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.

Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Individual and Population Analysis

Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Individual and Population Analysis

Mechanistic models are utilized in individual analysis using single-source data, but imperfections arise due to data collection errors, preventing perfect prediction of observed data. The mathematical equation involves known values (Xi), observed concentrations (Ci), measurement errors (εi), model parameters (ϕj), and the related function (ƒi) for i number of values. Different least-squares metrics quantify differences between predicted and observed values. The ordinary least squares (OLS)...

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).

Segregation in Fresh Concrete

Segregation in Fresh Concrete

Segregation in fresh concrete is a phenomenon where the components of the concrete mix separate, leading to uneven distribution and compromised structural integrity. This separation typically occurs when concrete is subjected to excessive horizontal movement within forms, or when it is dropped from considerable heights or forced through narrow, winding paths. As a result, heavier coarse aggregate particles settle at the bottom, while lighter, finer materials such as cement and water rise to the...

Law of Independent Assortment

Law of Independent Assortment

While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.

Law of Independent Assortment

Law of Independent Assortment

While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Monitoring Spatial Segregation in Surface Colonizing Microbial Populations

Monitoring Spatial Segregation in Surface Colonizing Microbial Populations

Published on: October 29, 2016

Jamming and pattern formation in models of segregation.

Tim Rogers¹, Alan J McKane

¹Theoretical Physics Division, School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|June 12, 2012

Summary

This study analyzes the Schelling model of social segregation as a nonequilibrium system. Researchers derived dynamical equations revealing a jamming transition and pattern formation instability with unique characteristics.

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Area of Science:

Sociophysics
Computational Social Science
Statistical Mechanics

Background:

The Schelling model is a foundational agent-based model for social segregation.
Traditional formulations often lack a direct dynamical systems approach.
Understanding nonequilibrium dynamics is crucial for complex systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To reformulate the Schelling model as an intrinsically nonequilibrium system.
To derive and analyze the dynamical equations governing agent behavior.
To investigate emergent phenomena like jamming transitions and pattern formation.

Main Methods:

Formulation of the Schelling model on districts (patches) instead of a grid.
Derivation of equations for the system's dynamical behavior.
Mathematical analysis of the derived equations to identify transitions and instabilities.

Main Results:

Successfully derived dynamical equations for the nonequilibrium Schelling model.
Identified a jamming transition at low vacancy densities.
Discovered a pattern-forming instability when spatial dimensions are included.

Conclusions:

The nonequilibrium formulation provides a novel analytical framework for the Schelling model.
The jamming transition and pattern formation exhibit unusual characteristics.
This approach offers new avenues for studying social segregation dynamics.