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Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Cascaded Op Amps01:16

Cascaded Op Amps

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile electronic components that can be interconnected in a cascade - one after another in a linear sequence. This cascading is possible due to their infinite input resistance and zero output resistance, allowing them to maintain their input-output relationships even when connected in series.
In a cascaded system, each op-amp is referred to as a stage. The output of one stage drives the input of the subsequent stage. As the input signal passes through...
Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology
10:52

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Published on: April 23, 2019

Multiplexity-facilitated cascades in networks.

Charles D Brummitt1, Kyu-Min Lee, K-I Goh

  • 1Department of Mathematics and Complexity Sciences Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|June 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiplex networks, with multiple interaction types, are more prone to global cascades than single-layer networks. Understanding network layers is key to predicting and controlling cascading failures.

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Area of Science:

  • Network science
  • Complex systems analysis
  • Graph theory applications

Background:

  • Real-world systems comprise interconnected elements with diverse interaction types.
  • Modeling these systems often requires representing them as multiplex networks with multiple layers.
  • Understanding cascade dynamics in complex networks is crucial for system resilience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the vulnerability of multiplex networks to global cascades.
  • To generalize the threshold cascade model for multiplex network structures.
  • To explore how network layering influences cascade propagation.

Main Methods:

  • Generalization of the threshold cascade model to multiplex networks.
  • Analysis of node activation criteria based on multi-layer neighbor influence.
  • Simulation and theoretical analysis of cascade dynamics in layered networks.

Main Results:

  • Multiplex networks are inherently more susceptible to global cascades than simplex networks.
  • Both combining and splitting network layers can facilitate cascade propagation.
  • Previously unsusceptible layers can collectively trigger cascades when coupled.

Conclusions:

  • Full knowledge of a system's multiplexity is essential for accurate cascade prediction.
  • Introducing or removing sparse network layers offers a viable strategy for cascade control.
  • Network layering significantly impacts system-wide cascade dynamics and resilience.