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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their access...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:40

Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: September 15, 2014

Dopaminergic-like cells from epigenetically reprogrammed mesenchymal stem cells.

Zhiying Zhang1, Arshak R Alexanian

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Research Labs, Medical College of Wisconsin, VAMC, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
|June 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Human bone marrow stem cells (hMSCs) were reprogrammed into neural-like cells. These cells can differentiate into dopamine-like neurons, offering potential for Parkinson

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Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Generation of Induced Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Mononuclear Cells and Differentiation Toward Dopaminergic Neuron Precursors for Transplantation Studies
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Comparison of Two Representative Methods for Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
06:24

Comparison of Two Representative Methods for Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Published on: October 20, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease models show promise with stem cell differentiation into dopamine-producing cells.
  • Neural-like cells were generated from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using small compounds.
  • These neurally induced hMSCs (NI-hMSCs) demonstrated therapeutic effects in spinal cord injury models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if hMSCs, neuralized via small compound reprogramming, can differentiate into dopaminergic (DA) neurons.
  • To assess the expression of DA markers and dopamine secretion in NI-hMSCs.
  • To evaluate the impact of hypoxia preconditioning on DA-like neuron generation from hMSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Neural induction of hMSCs using small cell-permeable compounds targeting chromatin and signaling pathways.
  • Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis to detect dopaminergic markers (Nurr-1, TH).
  • ELISA to quantify neurotrophin and dopamine secretion; assessment of hypoxia preconditioning effects.

Main Results:

  • 50-60% of NI-hMSCs expressed key dopaminergic markers (Nurr-1, TH).
  • NI-hMSCs secreted neurotrophins and dopamine.
  • Hypoxia preconditioning enhanced hMSC proliferation, viability, TH expression, and dopamine secretion.

Conclusions:

  • hMSCs can be successfully differentiated into DA-like neurons using a novel small compound-based neural induction method.
  • This approach holds potential for developing cell-based therapies for Parkinson's disease.
  • Hypoxia preconditioning can optimize the generation of these therapeutic DA-like neurons.