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T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Defining the human T helper 17 cell phenotype.

Francesco Annunziato¹, Lorenzo Cosmi, Francesco Liotta

¹Department of Internal Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy. f.annunziato@dmi.unifi.it

Trends in Immunology

|June 12, 2012

Summary

T helper 17 (Th17) cells are a distinct CD4 T cell type. Their plasticity and limited expansion explain their rarity in inflamed tissues, despite their immune function.

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In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4⁺ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

T helper (Th) 17 cells are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, complementing Th1 and Th2 cell functions.
Understanding the molecular basis and characteristics of Th17 cells is crucial for comprehending immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of the key factors defining the Th17 cell phenotype.
To emphasize data specific to human Th17 cells, including novel markers.
To explore the plasticity of Th17 cells and its implications for their presence in tissues.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing data on Th17 cell biology.
Focus on transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors.
Analysis of specific markers like CD161 and interleukin-4-induced gene 1 (IL4I1).

Main Results:

Th17 cells are characterized by a specific set of molecular markers.
CD161 and IL4I1 are identified as potentially important markers for human Th17 cells.
Th17 cell plasticity towards the Th1 lineage is a significant feature.

Conclusions:

The plasticity of Th17 cells and their limited expansion upon T cell receptor (TCR) triggering contribute to their low frequency in inflamed tissues.
Further research into Th17 cell markers and plasticity could have implications for understanding and treating inflammatory diseases.