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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Applying Advanced In Vitro Culturing Technology to Study the Human Gut Microbiota
06:23

Applying Advanced In Vitro Culturing Technology to Study the Human Gut Microbiota

Published on: February 15, 2019

The human gut microbiome: current knowledge, challenges, and future directions.

Maneesh Dave1, Peter D Higgins, Sumit Middha

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Translational Research : the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
|June 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Human Microbiome Project analyzes gut microbes

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • The Human Genome Project's legacy enables the study of the human microbiome.
  • The human gut hosts a complex microbial community crucial for health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advance the understanding of the human gut microbiome's composition, function, and ecology.
  • To explore host-microbial interactions and their systemic impact.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing next-generation sequencing and advanced bioinformatics for high-definition microbiome analysis.
  • Developing innovative molecular techniques and cultivation methods for previously unculturable microbes.

Main Results:

  • Descriptive studies have evolved to detailed analyses of microbial communities.
  • Next-generation sequencing provides revolutionary insights into gut microbiome capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • Effective gut microbiome research requires addressing methodological challenges in study design and sample collection.
  • Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for meaningful interpretation and translation to health gains.
  • Understanding the healthy gut microbiome is foundational for disease research and therapeutic strategies.