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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

Bell's palsy and autoimmunity.

A Greco1, A Gallo, M Fusconi

  • 1Head and Neck Department-ENT Department, Policlinico Umberto I University of Rome Sapienza, Italy.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|June 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bell's palsy, a common cause of facial paralysis, is thought to stem from viral infections or autoimmunity. Early treatment with antivirals and corticosteroids shows promise for managing this idiopathic peripheral nerve disorder.

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Published on: August 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Bell's palsy is an idiopathic peripheral nerve disorder affecting the facial nerve, accounting for a significant portion of unilateral facial paralysis cases.
  • It typically affects individuals between 15 and 45 years old, with an annual incidence of 15-30 per 100,000 people.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the etiopathogenesis of Bell's palsy.
  • To explore potential roles of viral infection and autoimmunity in disease development.
  • To discuss pathogenesis in relation to pharmacotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of publications from 1975 to 2012.
  • Analysis focused on etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and histopathology of Bell's palsy.

Main Results:

  • The exact cause of Bell's palsy remains unknown, with viral reactivation (herpes simplex, herpes zoster) and autoimmune mechanisms implicated.
  • A cell-mediated autoimmune response against myelin basic protein is a suggested pathomechanism.
  • Bell's palsy may represent an autoimmune demyelinating cranial neuritis, akin to a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • Viral infections or reactivation may trigger autoimmune reactions against peripheral nerve myelin, leading to facial nerve demyelination.
  • Combination therapy with antivirals (acyclovir, valacyclovir) and corticosteroids is recommended for patients presenting within three days of symptom onset.
  • Future treatments may involve targeted immunotherapies like monoclonal antibodies or T-cell therapy.