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Related Concept Videos

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...

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Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis
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Vernalization-mediated chromatin changes.

Brett R Zografos1, Sibum Sung

  • 1Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.

Journal of Experimental Botany
|June 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Vernalization uses cold to trigger VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3) gene expression, which represses FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) to control flowering time in Arabidopsis. This process involves key chromatin modifications essential for plant reproductive success.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Flowering time is crucial for plant reproductive fitness.
  • Vernalization, a cold-induced flowering mechanism, is critical for many plants, especially in temperate climates.
  • FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is a key gene regulated during vernalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of vernalization-mediated chromatin changes in Arabidopsis.
  • To focus on the roles of chromatin-modifying machineries in regulating VIN3 and FLC gene expression.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying cold-induced flowering.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on vernalization in Arabidopsis.
  • Analysis of chromatin modifications and histone marks.
  • Examination of gene expression patterns of VIN3 and FLC.

Main Results:

  • Cold exposure induces VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3) expression, an early event in vernalization.
  • VIN3 induction leads to chromatin changes at FLC, establishing a mitotically repressed state.
  • Repressive histone modifications are enriched at FLC chromatin, contributing to FLC repression.

Conclusions:

  • Vernalization involves intricate chromatin-level regulation orchestrated by specific proteins like VIN3.
  • Shared chromatin-modifying machineries play vital roles in regulating both VIN3 and FLC.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to controlling flowering time and improving crop yields.