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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.
Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice
04:00

Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice

Published on: September 13, 2024

Olfactory dysfunction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

María V Sánchez-Vallecillo1, María E Fraire, Carlos Baena-Cagnani

  • 1Otolaryngology Department, Sanatorio Allende, Independencia 757 3rd Floor, Nueva Córdoba. Córdoba CP 5000, Argentina.

International Journal of Otolaryngology
|June 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory decline is prevalent in chronic rhinosinusitis patients, with nasal polyposis and asthma being key predictors. Age and gender did not significantly impact olfactory loss in this study.

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Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
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Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice
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Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice

Published on: September 13, 2024

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
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Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Rhinology
  • Olfactory Dysfunction

Background:

  • Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) frequently impacts patients' quality of life.
  • Olfactory dysfunction is a common but often underdiagnosed symptom in CRS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of olfactory decline in adults with CRS.
  • To identify clinical factors associated with olfactory dysfunction in this patient group.

Main Methods:

  • An analytical, prospective, observational study was conducted.
  • 33 adult patients diagnosed with CRS were enrolled.
  • Olfactory function was assessed using the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) test.

Main Results:

  • Significant olfactory decline (hyposmia/anosmia) was observed across all age groups.
  • Prevalence of hyposmia and anosmia increased with age.
  • Nasal polyposis, asthma, septal deviation, turbinate hypertrophy, tobacco use, and allergic rhinitis were linked to olfactory dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is highly prevalent in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.
  • Specific clinical conditions like nasal polyposis and asthma are significant predictors of olfactory loss.
  • Previous endoscopic surgeries, age, and gender were not found to be associated with olfactory dysfunction.