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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

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Vascular dysfunction as a cause of endometrial bleeding.

David F Archer1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA. archerdf@evms.edu

Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology
|June 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) has limited medical treatments, though some therapies can reduce blood loss. Spotting and bleeding (S/B) from hormonal contraceptives, however, currently lack effective treatment options.

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Reproductive Endocrinology

Background:

  • Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and spotting/bleeding (S/B) from hormonal contraceptives impact endometrial vasculature and hemostasis.
  • These conditions are distinct entities with different underlying causes and treatment considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the major etiologies of HMB and contraceptive-associated S/B.
  • To review potential treatment strategies for both conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current knowledge on HMB and S/B.
  • Analysis of established and potential therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • HMB may stem from various hemostatic dysfunctions; treatments like COCs, LNG-IUS, NSAIDs, and anti-fibrinolytics show efficacy.
  • The etiology of HMB is often unknown.
  • Contraceptive-associated S/B is common, potentially due to altered angiogenesis and fragile blood vessels; no effective treatment currently exists.

Conclusions:

  • Medical therapies for HMB are limited but can effectively reduce menstrual blood loss.
  • Currently, there is no effective treatment for spotting and bleeding associated with hormonal contraceptive use.