Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a reaction.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Why is the eclipsed form of dimethylacetylene more stable than its staggered form?

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

Structural Effects of Water Addition in Triglyme-Based Solvate Ionic Liquid Electrolytes.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2026
Same author

Overcoming rigidity: flexible aliphatic ligand backbones as a standard for the alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

ANCA-associated vasculitis is associated with an increased risk of cardiac and vascular morbidity: results of a large-scale propensity-matched global retrospective cohort study.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Water in Solvate Ionic Liquids: Preserving Lithium Coordination While Enhancing Ionic Conductivity.

Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry·2026
Same author

Impact of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on malignant transformation in oral lichen planus: insights from a real-world cohort study.

Frontiers in pharmacology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations
13:09

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations

Published on: January 4, 2018

Exploring between the extremes: conversion-dependent kinetics of phosphite-modified hydroformylation catalysis.

Christoph Kubis1, Detlef Selent, Mathias Sawall

  • 1Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study details the hydroformylation kinetics of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene using a rhodium monophosphite catalyst. The hydrogenolysis of the acyl complex is rate-limiting, even at high conversions, with a single phosphite ligand coordinating to rhodium.

More Related Videos

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes
12:08

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes

Published on: June 24, 2022

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
10:52

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations
13:09

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations

Published on: January 4, 2018

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes
12:08

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes

Published on: June 24, 2022

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
10:52

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Homogeneous catalysis
  • Organometallic chemistry
  • Chemical kinetics

Background:

  • Hydroformylation is a crucial industrial process for converting alkenes into aldehydes.
  • Understanding the reaction mechanism and kinetics is vital for catalyst optimization and process design.
  • Rhodium-based catalysts with phosphite ligands are widely used in hydroformylation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the detailed kinetics of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene hydroformylation using a rhodium monophosphite catalyst.
  • To elucidate the rate-limiting steps and the role of catalyst intermediates under various conditions.
  • To determine the coordination behavior of the phosphite ligand in dominant catalytic species.

Main Methods:

  • In situ high-pressure Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to monitor concentration profiles.
  • High-pressure (HP) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for structural analysis.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations to support mechanistic interpretations.

Main Results:

  • Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics were observed, incorporating competitive and uncompetitive side reactions.
  • Hydrogenolysis of the acyl rhodium complex was identified as the rate-limiting step, even at high olefin conversions.
  • Spectroscopic and computational data indicate a single phosphite ligand coordinating axially to a trigonal bipyramidal rhodium center in key intermediates.

Conclusions:

  • The reaction kinetics are complex, influenced by side reactions and the non-establishment of catalyst-substrate pre-equilibrium.
  • The rate-limiting step remains consistent across different conversion ranges, highlighting the stability of the catalytic cycle's bottleneck.
  • The coordination environment of the rhodium center, specifically the axial phosphite ligand, plays a significant role in the catalytic activity and selectivity.